That can be implemented in different programming languages? C++ Java Python, on what OS?

First you need to learn "to think like a programmer"... but it's all nonsense)

If you want to really learn something. you should start with the basics.
This Kernighan Ritchie "the C programming Language".

C++ is very complex language. He is very ambiguous - one task can be solved in different ways and each of them will have their drawbacks. The more requires a fairly specific hacks against all sorts of SFINAE and constant cast's.
Especially in the recent standards of C++ spawn...

Learning C++ is, but to understand all is very difficult.
At least you can read Herbert Shildt
He has other sensible books on C# and Java also can take a look.
Well, I like Podbelskogo.

C++ is well suited for desktop applications.
Here you can read the Breeching max Qt 4.8
With special supernatural skills With++ is not necessary.
If you want to go in the "Pro" level - learn the boost library collection.

Java recently very good account of itself in the Bank.
Enough of the first volume of Core Java. Of the frameworks can advise Grails and Play2.

Python / JS, you can learn the courses on Codecademy for 2-3 weeks. There razgrebsti html/css.

If you want to go on the web...
It is advisable to understand haml sass compass stylus jade bower grunt yeoman bower angular libraries.

It is advisable to deal with design patternsand read Martin Fowler's.
There is another book from the Pragmatic Programmer the most interesting thing from this publisher there are no bad books.

Generally in programming and methodologies in General should read code complete.
You can still read clean codeand perfect architecture.

For cross-platform mobile applications can deal with Air and Flex.

Start with python!
C, C++, Java eats the brain at the stage of "Hello World". Bulky design simple programs discourage the desire to do something.

Python, Javascript

List of websites running on python/django:
Dropbox, Instagram, Mozilla, Disqus, Pinterest, tiu.ru, tranio.ru

Start with C++ just in case you feel the urge to very complex tasks. The language itself is no more difficult (in some places more logical and freer of ALL, stripped of unnecessary additions doubtful syntax), but takes longer and requires more "experience" before adequate releases - since it is natively (unlike everyone else), it is not very easy to do something from scratch, and quickly, but for every task 100% there is something in the network or solution. Really - you need a love for the craft. I call it.

All the other languages it's like steroids. But it's not a bad thing. I write C++, C#, thinking about Java. But I will never go to Python.
Before you choose the language you need to know that to look at the most popular and promoted, not all the norm. There are languages that are simply not advanced enough to differ, from such as C# and the platform .net, and Java, which is a serious commercial promoting a large company. Languages C/C++ is popular because of its technical perfection, made it their solutions in many fields automatically.
There are languages, I will not say what which are popular due to the desire to "great Holy the free open-source", and here, too, not without the help of sponsors.

p.s. Herbert Shildt very tolkovyi the author. Another tip, don't waste time on something that you don't need time, need a lot, for example not necessary to go into the desktop, the web, Linux (as examples). But it is always useful to know the basis of different technologies.

C/C++ - cross-Platform, but different compilers for different operating systems (that is, to put it simply different frameworks for each platform). The severity of the language, on par with any other. (I believe this language should be forced to privatise before any other, but not the Sharia we have.=))
Oracle Java cross-platform(including Google's Android OS)
Microsoft .NET (VB, C#, F#, etc.) - informal cross-platform (with brakes and without WPF - Mono)
Apple Objective-C language used by Apple in their OS.
Decide whether you want to create quickly, or really want to know. Possible tasks are compatible.

Maybe you really should go in the direction of Java, but not Python (IMHO).
If you want to go in the direction of the web start with an abstract understanding of HTML, CSS, PHP, and then think of what you need, Flash, Java, or push you to work on the server side.=)

You need to go workshops:

- (warm-up) "Introduction to Interactive Programming in Python", Rice University, Coursera.org; (or similar there, or something in Python to Udacity.com, Udemy.com etc.)

- "Introduction to Programming in Java" (only 4 chapters, but dozens and hundreds of examples, tasks and assignments from the top of the chair for programming)

Courses Coursera.org:

- "Algorithms, I", Princeton University

- "Algorithms, II", Princeton University

- "Introduction to Databases", Stanford University (he edX.org)

- "Introduction to Computer Networks", University of Washington

- (optional) "Natural Language Processing", Stanford University or Columbia University

- (optional) "Artificial Intelligence Planning", University of Edinburgh

Courses Udemy.com:

- "Java For Complete Beginners"

- "Java Multithreading"

- "Java Design Patterns and Architecture"

- "Java Swing (GUI) Programming: From Beginner to Expert"

- "Java Servlets and JSP"

"The Java Spring Tutorial"

As well as examine the construction of client-server application based on Netty (see netty.io/wiki/).

If the plan works, let me know in six months!

Bogdan

You would have written your current level of knowledge in mathematics, programming, algorithms, it would be easier to tell.
In General, for training, if you have very little knowledge in this area I would recommend java, in my opinion learning a language with strict typing would be better. Si is good, but I suppose for a beginner entry threshold will be higher than in java. Try the book "Head First Java / Java Study" - specifically its I have not read, but the rest of the books in the series for the initial training of most. Then I recommend the java philosophy of Accela, and then he will understand what you need.
And from the point of view of language use, at work we use java, python, c++(qt), though I mostly write in java. All these languages are necessary and with them you will not perish, but vacancies for java more)

A meaningless question. Programming can be on anything. And all this nonsense about "you should start with the basics".
Should be done two things. The order is not important!

Select the area you like. Focus is on not related to programming language issues. For example, game development requires passion, knowledge of the basics of game design, a lot of communication in this area will have huge feedback, and well, if it is received over a beer/coffee from a familiar person, and Yes, I almost forgot - a lot of perseverance, otherwise it will fail. Then as for web design it would be good to have a so-called sense of taste, the ability to quickly switch between tasks as often have to engage in multiple projects at once, knowledge of colors and their compatibility would be helpful as well, although SEO is dead rather than alive, the understanding of the promotion of much help. That is, for different areas, there are many features, which have to face every day, but solving that will not written a single line of code. Of course, the bigger the team, the greater the division of labor and the less we have to delve into the features, but especially at the start, these things will significantly help.

Look at the different programming languages. Here, perhaps, we should exclude spirituality and functionalso, for them it is difficult to make sensible not having a brain tumor (just kidding, of course). A lot of them: python, c++, java, go, JavaScript, nasm, c# (mono)... the List goes on. Most of them have spread to a huge region. Not important: game development, web design, banks, and transportation - each of them can be applied to virtually any instrument. Moreover, each of them is applied often several tools. So the first choice of almost no impact.

Here is just a couple of things to mention.
First, matanasarawoot different. The lowest is in the web. Most probably banks. Somewhere in the middle of the game design, although not so long ago, it was much more matanoski, today most of the Matan crept in somewhere in the libraries (however, the logic still have to be friends).
Secondly, the platform. Some languages tuned for one platform (c - *nix, c# - ms), which in other things, forbid their use on other platforms, there are features (normal pure win ovogo of compiler XI under wine is still there, and its WinAPI in C lame a little more than full, while the port of c# - mono - has many features when working on non-native platforms). And ECMAScript (js) did at one time worked only under browser, although today to do native apps on it rather difficult (of course, if the OS is NOT a browser), and its limited browser API, which often differ from each other.

But these are minor details. They are everywhere. You can do the backend in c++, in python, you can node.js. You can write games in C# (XNA/Unity/monogame), it is possible in js (browser-based games today manage and webgl). So that's more like it, and learn. And it is not necessary with the basics. And especially do not equate to the C "pillars".

Thank you very much for your time and your detailed answer.
As I understand it if I start to learn from Kernighan then understand that to what and all that was happening.
Precisely 2nd edition Kernighan? About Silda heard.

So C and C++